The competitiveness of the artificial intelligence (AI) era is not determined solely by semiconductors and data centers. Without a stable power supply, investments in advanced industries and carbon neutrality are futile. As the government begins discussions on the role and significance of nuclear power, it must confront energy realities and develop a rational energy mix that includes the construction of new nuclear plants.
Countries around the world are accelerating their nuclear power expansion. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), 15 countries are currently constructing a total of 78 gigawatts (GW) of nuclear power, the highest level in over 30 years. The United States and Europe are pursuing nuclear expansion policies in response to energy security and the power demands of AI, while countries like China and India are also embarking on large-scale construction. A total of 38 countries are participating in the international goal to triple nuclear capacity by 2050. Nuclear power is viewed not as a relic of the past but as a strategic asset that will determine future industrial competitiveness.
Last month, the Ministry of Climate, Energy, and Environment launched a public consultation committee on nuclear power. Recommendations developed through deliberative discussions with citizen participants will be reflected in the 12th Basic Plan for Power Supply and Demand. This initiative is a significant turning point for energy policy, as it is based on national greenhouse gas reduction targets and plans to expand renewable energy.
The structural increase in power consumption is driven by semiconductor production facilities, AI data centers, and the proliferation of electric vehicles. Nuclear power not only ensures stable electricity supply but is also effective in achieving carbon neutrality, producing large amounts of power 24/7 with minimal carbon emissions regardless of weather conditions. While expanding solar and wind energy is necessary, a stable power source is needed to complement their variability. Nuclear power and renewable energy should not be viewed as opposing options but rather as complementary components of an energy strategy.
Public opinion also supports the need for nuclear expansion. A survey conducted by the Korea Energy Information Culture Foundation in June, involving 2,000 adults, found that 79.2% believe new nuclear plants should be included in the power supply and demand plan.
Building nuclear plants requires a significant amount of time. The construction of new plants is expected to take at least nine years, and possibly up to 13 years, from site selection to completion. Without securing supply capacity now, the country could face power shortages in a decade. Responding to demand after it materializes will be challenging for industrial needs.
The expansion of nuclear power must ensure safety, manage spent nuclear fuel, gain community acceptance, and control project costs and timelines. However, these challenges should not delay decision-making. If South Korea hesitates while the world engages in a nuclear construction race, it risks losing not only power security but also competitiveness in the nuclear industry. Countries that regret their energy shortages after the fact will struggle to compete in advanced industries.
* This article has been translated by AI.
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